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DETECTION OF BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS IN Phyllanthus amarus USING THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY-BIOAUTOGRAPHIC METHOD AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus AND Coagulase negative staphylococcus aureus

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: DETECTION OF BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS IN Phyllanthus amarus USING THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY-BIOAUTOGRAPHIC METHOD AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus AND Coagulase negative staphylococcus aureus Authors: ORIRE, OMOLOLA VICTORIA Abstract: Throughout the history of drug development, natural products have provided a fundamental source of drugs for fighting infections. Like in many developing countries, new drugs are often not affordable in Nigeria. Approximately 60– 80% of the world's population still relies on traditional medicines as remedies for the treatment of common illnesses (Owolabi et al., 2007). Nascimento et al., (2000) stated that the World Health Organization (W.H.O) has ascribed medicinal plants as the best source of variety of drugs in combating serious diseases and it advocates that countries should venture into other aspects of traditional medicine. This should be with a view of identifying safe and effective remedies for ailments of both microbial and non-microbial organisms. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for human diseases because they contain components of therapeutic value (Tanaka et al., 2002). In recent years, secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals) have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents. It is anticipated that phytochemicals with good antimicrobial activity will be used for the treatment of bacterial infections, fungi, and viruses.

PROPHYLACTIC ACTIVITY OF Diodia scandens CRUDE EXTRACTS ON SWISS ALBINO RATS

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: PROPHYLACTIC ACTIVITY OF Diodia scandens CRUDE EXTRACTS ON SWISS ALBINO RATS Authors: OLOWOKERE, VICTORIA BUKOLA; OJO, S.K.S Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic activity of Diodia scandens on Swiss albino rats challenged with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Twenty (20) Swiss albino rats of both sexes weighing (120-200) were housed in polycarbonated cages at ambient environmental condition of 23±2oC, 30-60% relative humidity. They were defasted for 4hour prior to treatment. Different concentrations of different extracts (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) of Diodia scandens were given according to the weight of rats and were challenged with 0.5ml of 1×108 cfu/ml of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Mueller Hinton broth using 0.5 Mcfarland standards at the 4th day of the pre-treatment. The result showed aggressiveness, no fever or inflammation during the pre-treatment. After the organism challenge test it was observed that with some level of protection were offered by extract of Diodia scandens on the rats. Description: The protection offered by Diodia scandens after organism challenged test has shown that the plant is potent, effective and had boosted the immunity of the rats against Staphylococcus epidermidis. It was concluded that 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg of Diodia scandens was effective during pre-treatment and was not toxic on the rats.

PREVALENCE OF DENGUE VIRUS IgM IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF PATIENTS FROM DIFFERENT STATES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA USING ELISA

Tue, 01 Sep 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: PREVALENCE OF DENGUE VIRUS IgM IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF PATIENTS FROM DIFFERENT STATES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA USING ELISA Authors: BOSEDE BOLAJI, OGUNLEYE; DR. L.E, OKORO Abstract: Dengue virus has been classified in the past years as family of flaviridae, genus flavivirus with specie name of Dengue virus. The study was conducted with the aim of detecting prevalence of dengue virus IgM among patient attending clinic for typhoid and malaria in different southwestern states in Nigeria. Objective is to improve dengue surveillance and diagnostic so that the quality of care for patient can be improve and the cost of and rate associated with malaria and typhoid and dengue can be reduce .the study was carried out on 26 fresh blood samples which was collected from children and adult reporting for typhoid and malaria in different states in southwestern Nigeria .Elisa kits was use for the experiment and microliter plate reader was used to read the result under the absorbance of 450nm,the result of study shows 13 samples as positive and 14 samples of blood negative .the percentage of result shows 53.1 positive and 48.1 negative .in conclusion the percentage of negatives result obtain in this study shows that dengue virus is not prevalent in southwestern part of Nigeria

PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI ISOLATED FROM FOOD

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI ISOLATED FROM FOOD Authors: SALIYUK, REBECCA NVAN Abstract: Enterococci have continued to attract attention as emerging pathogen both in Hospital and the environment. Interest on their prevalence has therefore become of interest. Their resistance to multiple antibiotics was investigated from foods in Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria. From the 20 samples collected from food vendors which include: rice, beans, fufu and pounded yam were investigated for the presence of Enterococci. 3 (15%) were positive for enterococci. This study has revealed the prevalence of Enterococci strain in ready-to-eat-food in Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria. The enterococci showed resistant trait to a number of antibiotics. They do not show resistance to Gentamycin. The mere presence of Enterococci in food is indicative of poor sanitary quality of food, which may be from contaminated water. The result of this research reveals the need for proper hygiene and inspection of food outlets.

ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOILS IN THE PREMISES OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OYE-EKITI

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOILS IN THE PREMISES OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OYE-EKITI Authors: FATOYE, OLUWAFUNLOLA FUNTO Abstract: A total of eight soil samples were collected from different sites within FUOYE environment and were analysed to determine the presence of antibiotic producing bacteria, fungi and actinomycete using Nutrient agar, Sabauraud dextrose agar and Glycerol yeast extract agar as culture media. Seven bacteria: Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Azomonas spp, Gluconobacter spp, Micrococcus spp, and Staphylococcus aureus; five fungi: Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, Rhodotorula app, Trichoderma spp, Aspergillus spp and one actinomycete: Actinomyces humiferus were isolated. These isolates were screened for their antimiocrobial potency against selected reference pathogenic organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, and Candida albicans. Bacillus spp isolated was found to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Actinomyces spp inhibited all the pathogens at different rate, fungal isolate, Rhizopus spp inhibited Staphylococcus aureus while the other fugal isolate did not inhibit any of the reference pathogens.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIODEGRADATION OF THE AFRICAN WALNUT SHELLS USING CHICKEN DROPPINGS AS INNOCULUM

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIODEGRADATION OF THE AFRICAN WALNUT SHELLS USING CHICKEN DROPPINGS AS INNOCULUM Authors: ABIODUN, OLUWASANMI EZEKIEL; Gabriel-Ajobiewe, Ruth Adefolakemi O. Abstract: Microbial analyses were carried out on the shell of the edible nuts of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum). This study was aimed at determining the microbial load of boiled and raw African walnut shell and chicken dropping which can be used as inoculums in biodegradation process in order to solve the problem of agro waste pollution in the environment. The nuts were sorted and washed with tap water to remove flesh residues and other contaminants and divided into two lots. The first lot was boiled for 1.5 h. The second lot was used raw; the raw nut and the boiled nut were then unshelled and the shells were dried at 60◦C for 5days in the oven. The dried shells were grind and analyzed. Bacterial and fungal evaluations of the shell from nut were done using the agar diffusion technique with serial dilutions of the grind shell and the same process for chicken droppings. Forty Grams (40g) of the grind walnut shells were weighed and put in a sterile cover bowl and 20ml of sterile distilled water was added to the samples under a sterile condition and was gently mixed with sterile spatula. The grind walnut shell and chicken dropping was done in Ratio 1:1 and 2:1. Microorganisms were isolated and identified. The microbial analysis revealed that the boiled shell accommodate a large number of microorganism compared to that of raw. The result show that the microorganisms present in the walnut shell were increasing as the day is increasing and latter begins to decrease.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF COFERMENTED MAIZE, CARROT, PIGEON PEA AND MILLET, SWEETPOTATO, PIGEON PEA.

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF COFERMENTED MAIZE, CARROT, PIGEON PEA AND MILLET, SWEETPOTATO, PIGEON PEA. Authors: AJAYI, FRANCISCA BOSEDE Abstract: In Nigeria low-socio economic mothers use fermented cereals like maize (Zea mays) andMillet (Pennisetum americanum) as infants’ complementary food. Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L.) are underutilized legumes in Nigeria. This study co- fermented of maize, carrot/pigeon pea and millet, sweet potato/ pigeon pea were co-fermented in ratio 6:2:2 (w/w) and the fermented products were compared.Nutritional, viscosity and microbial status of co-fermented cereal,legumes, tubers and vegetable were studied.Products were analyzed for vitamins, reducing sugar, trypsin inhibitory activity, pH and Titratable acidity using standard methods. The predominant microorganisms isolated from both samples during fermentation period were Lactobacillus spp. Consistency properties were determined using Bostwick Consistometer. Vitamin B3 content was higher in the samples (p > 0.05) which is higher than recommended value. Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) and B1 (Thiamine) values were comparable torecommended values while some values were lower. In terms of organoleptic properties of the product co-fermented sample A ( maize, carrot/pigeon pea) was most preferred by the panelist with regards to color, taste, texture and aroma than sample that are not co-fermented. . Co-fermentation of maize, carrot/pigeon pea and millet, sweet potato/pigeon pea resulted in a product of improved nutritional quality than fermented maize.

A comparative study on the storage of yam chips (gbodo) and yam flour (elubo)

Sat, 01 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT

Title: A comparative study on the storage of yam chips (gbodo) and yam flour (elubo) Authors: Ojoko A. O.; Gabriel-Ajobiewe, Ruth Adefolakemi O. Abstract: Comparative study on the storability of yam chips and yam flour was carried out on traditionally processed and stored yam chips (gbodo) and yam flour (elubo) over a period of three months. Their keeping qualities were accessed at intervals by determining the nutritive qualities and the microbial properties of both samples. During the three months of storage, the yam flour showed greater deterioration with regards to nutritive value and microbial load because the yam chips were less accessible to spoilage microorganisms as a result of lower surface area. It is recommended that storage of yam products as chips should be encouraged.

Bacteriological status of commonly consumed foods and vegetables from food vendors in a market in Enugu, Nigeria.

Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Bacteriological status of commonly consumed foods and vegetables from food vendors in a market in Enugu, Nigeria. Authors: Ogeneh, Bryan O.; Oyarekua, Mojisola A.; Edeh, A.N. Abstract: Safety of food is a basic requirement of food quality. A total of 25 different street foods and vegetable samples randomly purchased from five different vendors in Ogbete main market Enugu, Nigeria, were brought in ice to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Pour plate technique was used. Serial dilutions of the samples were used after one ml from each tube was pipetted into a nutrient agar plates and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. The plates were examined for growth. Sub-culturing of colonies from the growth was done on bacteriological agar. All screened samples had levels of bacterial growth ranging from 1.0 X 105 to 3.0 X 106 cfu/ml. Ninety percent of the samples had bacterial counts above the acceptable limits (104 cfu/ml). Stapylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. were isolated and identified from the food samples. Two pathogenic micro organisms were isolated from each of Jollof rice and ugu vegetable. One each was isolated from egusi soup and the other vegetables. This study revealed that street foods are potential vehicles for transmitting food borne illnesses in Nigeria.

Nutritional Composition of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) (Jack Beans) as Affected by the use of Mould Starter Cultures for Fermentation.

Tue, 01 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Nutritional Composition of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) (Jack Beans) as Affected by the use of Mould Starter Cultures for Fermentation. Authors: Gabriel-Ajobiewe, Ruth Adefolakemi O. Abstract: In order to investigate the role of the individual mould strains in the improvement of the nutritional status of jack beans during natural fermentation. The part played by individual mould strains was investigated using each as a starter culture inoculum, using pressure-cooking as the mode of thermal treatment. One hundred gramme of ground, 40 min, pressure cooked samples were inoculated with the single starter cultures under aseptic condition using 1 mL of each inoculum and the samples were homogenized using a sterile scapula after which fermentation was allowed to take place under controlled environment of temperature of 30±3°C for 14 days. Physical sensory changes, fermentation parameters, proximate and antinutritional composition were determined during fermentation. The total titratable acidity of the fermenting substrates varied between 0.07% for N. crassa fermented substrate to 0.26% for R. oryzae fermented substrate. While there was a general decrease in value for the pH of the fermenting substrates from 6.6 to 5.9. Proximate analysis revealed that the protein content of substrates increased from 26.21 g 100 g-1 in the control to 33.51 g 100 g-1 with N. crassa as the inoculum, while the fat content decreased from 11.95 g 100 g-1 in the control to 1.95 g 100 g-1 in the substrate fermented with A. niger, respectively. The mineral composition showed an increase in magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron compared with the control (30.07, 18.51, 23.51 and 0.00 μg g-1, respectively). The antinutrient composition revealed that both the canavanine and phytate content of the fermented substrates decreased significantly from 0.79 mg g-1 (control) to 0.53 mg g-1 (A. niger fermented substrate) and 5865.60 mg 100 mg-1 (control) to 1352.60 mg 100 g-1 (A. niger fermented substrate), respectively. Therefore, the use of single starter culture mould fermentation can be used to improve the nutritional quality of Canavalia ensiformis L.

Carriage Rates of Haemophilus Influenzae in Naso-pharyngeal Aspirates of Pre-school Children in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Carriage Rates of Haemophilus Influenzae in Naso-pharyngeal Aspirates of Pre-school Children in Enugu State, Nigeria. Authors: Ogeneh, Bryan; Emenuga, Veronica; Okolie, Uchenna Abstract: This study involved the investigation of carriage rates of Haemophilus influenzae in nasopharyngeal aspirates of pre-school children in Enugu State, Nigeria. Throat and nasal swabs were obtained from 158 children who were aged 6 months to 6 years. The children comprised those in nursery schools (A), those in their homes (B), and those who attended day-care centers (C). H. influenzae was identified after isolation in culture by satelitism and biochemical tests. Of the samples studied, the organism was isolated in 50 giving an average carriage rate of 31.7%. Descriptive statistics was used for general description of study participants and to evaluate the distribution. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 software. Mean carriage rate of 30.60% was obtained from children in nursery schools, 41.08% from those at home and 22.64% from those attending day care centers. The highest carriage rate was obtained from children who were in their homes and had never attended nursery schools or day-care centers. In each of the 3 groups of children with the exception of those at home, children aged 1 year had the highest isolation rate. It can be concluded from this work that the carriage rate of H. influenzae is significant in pre-school children in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Prevalence of complement fixation antibodies against African Horse Sickness virus in Domestic Animals in Nigeria

Tue, 22 Sep 2015 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Prevalence of complement fixation antibodies against African Horse Sickness virus in Domestic Animals in Nigeria Authors: Akinyele, Hafiz. A Baba Abstract: Abstract The occurrence of antibodies against the African horse sickness virus was investigated in 246 domestic animals (horses, donkeys, camels, dogs) in various regions of Nigeria by means of the complement-fixing rate. 34% of the sera tested were positive: 75% in donkeys, 68% in horses, 19% in camels, and 9% in dogs. Among the horses, those of 6 to 15 years of age had higher than average prevalence rates than the other age groups. Stallions from the northern regions had higher prevalence rates than mares generally and stallions from other regions. These findings are important for the epidemiology of the African horse sickness in Nigeria just as the complement-fixing rates are in camels and dogs for the epidemiology of this sickness in the whole of Africa.

Assessment of Wrap Sizes as it Affects Storage of Fufu, a Traditional Cassava Based Fermented Products

Thu, 01 Mar 2007 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Assessment of Wrap Sizes as it Affects Storage of Fufu, a Traditional Cassava Based Fermented Products Authors: Akharaiyi, Fred C.; Gabriel-Ajobiewe, Ruth Adefolakemi O. Abstract: Abstract: Fufu, a traditional Cassava based fermented food product was prepared in the Laboratory and used for the study. Due to the short time storage and transportation of this particular food from one place to another on a popular demand because of its nutritional values, three wrap sizes were adopted to assess storage improvement. In this method, 50 g, 100 and 200 g of raw fufu were wrapped before cooking for the normal 1 h. The batches were stored on a wooden tray at ambient temperature in the laboratory. Quantitative determination of microbial and chemical changes occurring in the fufu samples was studied for four weeks. Microbial counts was higher in the 200 g wrap at fourth week of storage being 8.40x104 cfu (g-1) for bacteria and 2.32x103 spore (g-1) for fungi while it was 1.35x104 cfu (g-1); 1.06x103, 1.66x103 spore (g-1) bacterial and fungal counts, respectively for 50 g and 100 g wraps. Also at fourth week of storage pH was 3.80, 4.06 and 6.15; TTA was 0.45, 1.85 and 2.56% (W/W lactic acid) while moisture was 45.10, 58.40 and 70.30%, respectively for 50, 100 and 200 g wraps. In the pounded fufu at fourth week storage, colour odor, aroma and texture rating were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the 50 and 100 g wraps for overall acceptability while the 200 g wrap characters were very low thus unacceptable. This implies that smaller wrap sizes will store longer than big wrap sizes.

Effect of Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa leaf extracted with fermented steep liquors of maize and sorghum on some pathogenic organisms

Mon, 01 Sep 2014 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Effect of Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa leaf extracted with fermented steep liquors of maize and sorghum on some pathogenic organisms Authors: Gabriel-Ajobiewe, Ruth Adefolakemi O.; Cyril-Olutayo, Mojisola Christianah; Olumekun, Victor Olugbenga; Akinbileje, Folayemi Joy Abstract: Aims: Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa (bamboo) extract is used locally in the treatment of different types of fever in Africa. The extraction by cooking of fresh bamboo leaves using fermented steep liquor of ogi either made from maize or sorghum has been used traditionally in the treatment of Typhoid fever in the South-Western Nigeria. This work is designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the different fermented cereal (Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor) grains steep liquors as the extraction medium for the bamboo leaf in comparison with the ethanol extraction using agar well diffusion. Methodology and results: The extracted leaves (dried and fresh) from different fermented cereal steep liquors [maize (white and yellow) and sorghum (white and red)] media were screened for inhibition of some pathogenic species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The extracts were then tested at different concentrations for bacteriostatic activity towards these clinically-important species. The fresh leaf extracts from the fermented maize and sorghum liquors at a concentration of 20 g/100 mL showed antibacterial activities for all the tested bacteria, while the ethanolic leaf extract did not show any antibacterial activity for both S. typhi and S. faecalis. Higher concentration (20 g/ 40 mL) produced higher antibacterial activity in all the leaf extracts from the fermented maize and sorghum liquors. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Our data provide support for the traditional use of fermented maize and sorghum grill steep liquor extract of Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa in treating the symptoms associated with the test organisms, in which the yellow maize liquor displayed greater antibacterial activity in comparison with the others.